S3D Library
Stereoscopic 3D guide
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Library · Reference

References

Sources of the formulas in the library and the calculator, by year of publication.

Books and papers

  1. Spottiswoode, R. and Spottiswoode, N. (1953). The Theory of Stereoscopic Transmission and Its Application to the Motion Picture. University of California Press. The first systematic transformation from shooting to projection; shape ratio.
  2. Lipton, L. (1982). Foundations of the Stereoscopic Cinema. Van Nostrand Reinhold.
  3. Waack, F. G. (1985). Stereo Photography. Chapter 4. 1/30 rule, maximum deviation on film.
  4. Woods, A., Docherty, T. and Koch, R. (1993). Image Distortions in Stereoscopic Video Systems. SPIE 1915. PDF. Transformation from shooting to screen to perception; keystone, depth plane curvature.
  5. Bercovitz, Y. (1998). Image-side perspective and stereoscopy. SPIE 3295. Interaxial formula from the near and far distances.
  6. MacLachlan, C. and Howland, H. C. (2002). Normal values and standard deviations for pupil diameter and interpupillary distance in subjects aged 1 month to 19 years. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 22(3). Interocular distance values for children.
  7. Mendiburu, B. (2009). 3D Movie Making: Stereoscopic Digital Cinema from Script to Screen. Focal Press. Roundness, depth budget.
  8. Lambooij, M., IJsselsteijn, W., Fortuin, M. and Heynderickx, I. (2009). Visual discomfort and visual fatigue of stereoscopic displays: a review. Journal of Imaging Science and Technology 53(3). 1° angular parallax limit.
  9. Devernay, F. and Beardsley, P. (2010). Stereoscopic Cinema. arXiv:1506.06001. Depth mapping, depth consistency, orthostereoscopy.
  10. Shibata, T., Kim, J., Hoffman, D. M. and Banks, M. S. (2011). The zone of comfort: predicting visual discomfort with stereo displays. Journal of Vision 11(8):11. PMC3369815.
  11. Gordon, C. C. et al. (2014). 2012 Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Army Personnel (ANSUR II). Interocular distance values for adults.
  12. Terzić, K. and Hansard, M. (2016). Causes of discomfort in stereoscopic content: a review. arXiv:1703.04574.
  13. Gao, Z., Hwang, A. and Peli, E. (2018). Correcting geometric distortions in stereoscopic 3D imaging. PLoS One. PMC6175294.
  14. Pochwatko (2026). arXiv:2604.15328. Interocular distance values for children from the data of MacLachlan and Howland.

Specifications and technical notes

  1. BSkyB (2010). Basic Principles of Stereoscopic 3D. PDF. Broadcast limits +2% / −1%.
  2. On the SMPTE report (2011). Does 3D need to adjust for different screen sizes? Different limits for cinema and TV.
  3. NVIDIA (2011). Stereoscopy, GDC. PDF. Parallax in a virtual camera.
  4. Bourke, P. Calculating stereoscopic parallax. PDF.
  5. Giant Screen Cinema Association. 26. Stereo Depth Grade.